基于地面3D激光扫描技术的海南岛南部海岸巨砾沉积研究

刘桢峤; 周亮; 高抒

doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.11.012

基于地面3D激光扫描技术的海南岛南部海岸巨砾沉积研究

doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.11.012

刘桢峤^1,,
周亮¹,
高抒^1, ,

华东师范大学河口海岸学国家重点实验室，上海 200241

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目（41706096，41530962）；河口海岸学国家重点实验室科研业务费（SKLEC-2017RCDW03）。

详细信息

作者简介:
刘桢峤（1995—），男，江苏省江阴市人，主要从事海岸沉积动力学研究。E-mail：51173904036@stu.ecnu.edu.cn

通讯作者:
高抒，男，博士，教授，主要从事海洋沉积动力学研究。E-mail：sgao@sklec.ecnu.edu.cn

中图分类号: P736.21
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2018-10-22
- 修回日期: 2019-01-12
- 网络出版日期: 2021-04-21
- 刊出日期: 2019-11-25

Application of the terrestrial laser scanner to the coastal boulders on the southern coast of Hainan Island

Liu Zhenqiao^1
,,
Zhou Liang¹,
Gao Shu^{1
, ,}

State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China

摘要

摘要: 海岸巨砾沉积是反映海岸极端波浪事件活动历史的重要载体，对于预测未来海洋极端水文灾害发生趋势具有重要意义。本文基于地面3D激光扫描技术，以海南岛南部海岸大东海和小东海的海岸珊瑚巨砾沉积为研究对象，使用了Riegl VZ4000地面3D激光扫描仪精确测量了这些珊瑚巨砾的体积参数，结合水文模型计算出搬运这些巨砾所需的临界起动波高和流速，重构了极端波浪事件强度，并根据沉积学和动力学对海岸珊瑚巨砾的沉积成因进行了分析。结果表明，地面3D激光扫描技术与传统测量方式相比，具有方便、快速、高精度的优势。海南岛大、小东海堆积的珊瑚巨砾沉积是由台风波浪破碎珊瑚礁平台前缘并将碎块输运到礁平台而成的，且台风的最大强度可能接近超强台风“宝霞”。本研究可为重建南海地区古风暴活动历史，揭示该地台风活动规律以及海岸极端波浪灾害的防风减灾工作提供重要科学参考信息。
- 海岸珊瑚巨砾 /
- 海洋极端水文事件 /
- 3D激光扫描 /
- 珊瑚礁海湾 /
- 海南岛
Abstract: Coastal boulders, with durable and easily visible, have been widely used as markers to confirm the existence and estimate the magnitude of marine hydrodynamic extreme events, which is valuable for risk prediction and coastal management. A detailed survey of large boulder accumulations was carried out at Dadonghai and Xiaodonghai sites on the southern coast of Hainan Island. The size, position and distance from the shoreline of 24 boulders were measured by Riegl VZ4000 3D terrestial laser (TLS) scanner and traditional methods, respectively, in order to determine their volume parameters, mass as well as the conditions under which they were transported landward to their present positions. The results were then analyzed with hydrodynamic models to evaluate the characteristics of the transporting waves and flow speeds. Storm waves would be responsible for the detachment and transportation of these largest boulders. The maximum intensity of typhoon hitting this area should not be less than that of super Typhoon Baoxia. The results indicate that the TLS technology has the advantages of convenience, speed and accuracy to measure hydrodynamic process of coastal boulders than that of traditional methods. The study insists on the potential for reconstructing the history of paleostorm activity in the South China Sea and predicting the occurrence trend of marine extreme wave disasters in the coastal areas of Hainan Island in the future.
- coral boulders /
- marine extreme hydrological events /
- Terrestrial Laser Scanner /
- coral reef bay /
- Hainan Island

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图 1 海南岛南部大、小东海研究地点（a）和大、小东海采样位置（b）

底图来自Google Earth

Fig. 1 Study area (a) and research locations (b) of Dadonghai and Xiadonghai in southern coast of Hainan Island

The base map is from Google Earth

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图 2 扫描仪工作（a）；GPS-RTK工作情形（b）；3D“点云”模型（c）；基于SD点云数据进行巨砾体积参数计算（d）

Fig. 2 The terrestrial laser scan (a) and GPS-RTK (b); 3D point cloud model (c); calculation of volume parameters of boulders with 3D view of a cloud of points (d)

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图 3 小东海巨砾分布（a）；大东海西侧巨砾分布（b）；大东海东侧巨砾分布（c）

底图来自Google Earth

Fig. 3 Distribution of boulders in Xiaodonghai (a), distribution of boulders on the west side of Dadonghai (b), distribution of boulders on the east side of Dadonghai (c)

The base map is from Google Earth

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图 4 不同输运模式巨砾起动所需流速对比

Fig. 4 Comparison of velocity required for boulder transportation in different transport modes

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图 5 传统方法和TLS技术计算体积对比

Fig. 5 Volume comparison between traditional methods and TLS techniques

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图 6 海岸巨砾质量与搬运距离关系^{[10, 14, 44-45]}

Fig. 6 Transport distance vs mass of coastal boulders^{[10, 14, 44-45]}

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图 7 三亚湾累年各向最大波高分布（莺歌海海洋站）

Fig. 7 Annual maximum wave height distribution in Sanya Bay (data from Yinggehai Marine Station)

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表 1 巨砾起动的波高

Tab. 1 Wave height required for boulders transportation

初始位置	水动力环境
初始位置	海啸	台风
浸没	$H \geqslant \dfrac{{a\left( {{\rho _s} - {\rho _w}} \right) / {\rho _w}}}{{{C_d}\left( {ac / {b^2}} \right) + {C_l}}}$	$H \geqslant \dfrac{{2a\left( {{\rho _s} - {\rho _w}} \right) / {\rho _w}}}{{{C_d}\left( {ac / {b^2}} \right) + {C_l}}}$
暴露	$H \geqslant \dfrac{{0.5a\left( {{\rho _s} - {\rho _w}} \right)/{\rho _{{w}}} - {C_m}\left( {a/b} \right)\left( {{\ddot{u}} /g} \right)}}{{{C_d}\left( {ac/{b^2}} \right) + {C_l}}}$	$H \geqslant \dfrac{{2a\left( {{\rho _s} - {\rho _w}} \right)/{\rho _{{w}}} - 4{C_m}\left( {a/b} \right)\left( {{\ddot{u}} /g} \right)}}{{{C_d}\left( {ac/{b^2}} \right) + {C_l}}}$
交错镶嵌	$H \geqslant \dfrac{{0.25a\left( {{\rho _s} - {\rho _w}} \right)/{\rho _w}}}{{{C_l}}}$	$H \geqslant \dfrac{{a\left( {{\rho _s} - {\rho _w}} \right)/{\rho _w}}}{{{C_l}}}$

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表 2 巨砾起动的流速

Tab. 2 Flow velocity required for coral boulders transportation

搬运方式	初始位置
搬运方式	地表	交错镶嵌
滑动	${u^2} \geqslant \dfrac{{2({\rho _s}/{\rho _w} - 1)gc({\mu _s}\cos\theta + \sin\theta )}}{{{C_d}(c/b) + {\mu _s}{C_l}}}$	无
滚动	${u^2} \geqslant \dfrac{{2({\rho _s}/{\rho _w} - 1)gc[\cos\theta + (c/b)\sin\theta ]}}{{{C_d}({c^2}/{b^2}) + {C_l}}}$	无
跃移	${u^2} \geqslant \dfrac{{2({\rho _s}/{\rho _w} - 1)gc\cos\theta }}{{{C_l}}}$	${u^2} \geqslant \dfrac{{2({\rho _s}/{\rho _w} - 1)gc(\cos\theta + {\mu _s}\sin \theta )}}{{{C_l}}}$

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表 3 TLS技术与传统方法测量海岸珊瑚巨砾参数结果对比

Tab. 3 Comparison of parameters, weight estimation and calculation of boulders taking traditional axes and TLS measurements

巨砾编号	a轴长度/m		b轴长度/m		c轴长度/m		V₁/m³	V₂/m³	D_r/m	M/kg
巨砾编号	TLS	传统方法	TLS	传统方法	TLS	传统方法	V₁/m³	V₂/m³	D_r/m	M/kg
DDHE_01	2.32	2.56	1.76	1.72	1.17	0.81	3.80	1.87	37.39	6 916
DDHW_01	3.59	3.37	2.61	2.24	1.72	1.67	7.52	6.60	46.68	13 686
DDHW_02	2.64	2.92	2.18	2.09	1.45	1.21	5.70	3.87	47.79	10 374
DDHW_03	1.95	1.95	1.92	1.92	1.12	0.72	3.44	1.41	44.67	6 261
DDHW_04	2.80	2.56	2.53	1.92	1.58	1.53	5.79	3.94	63.18	10 538
XDH_01	2.94	3.15	2.58	2.86	2.11	2.51	10.89	11.84	64.58	19 820
XDH_02	1.83	1.75	1.82	1.57	1.18	1.18	2.70	1.70	53.78	4 914
XDH_03	2.15	1.65	1.72	1.49	1.19	1.23	3.50	1.58	46.53	6 370
XDH_04	1.63	1.56	1.34	1.41	1.21	1.03	2.19	1.19	47.59	3 986
XDH_05	1.88	2.88	1.67	1.67	1.22	1.27	3.07	3.20	40.23	5 587
XDH_06	2.53	2.64	2.44	2.33	1.67	1.52	4.74	4.90	31.80	8 627
XDH_07	2.29	1.97	1.85	1.77	1.19	1.36	3.64	2.48	49.24	6 625
XDH_08	2.48	2.54	2.30	1.91	1.51	1.82	3.48	4.62	43.08	6 334
XDH_09	3.47	3.36	1.93	1.80	1.39	1.51	3.56	4.78	57.10	6 479
XDH_10	2.15	2.51	1.91	2.06	1.27	1.42	2.39	3.84	70.63	4 350
XDH_11	2.83	2.77	2.46	2.18	1.64	1.74	5.14	5.50	32.58	9 355
XDH_12	2.48	2.59	2.46	2.14	1.61	1.43	4.63	4.15	37.15	8 427
XDH_1314	3.12	3.66	2.47	2.22	1.17	1.37	5.32	5.83	39.42	9 682
XDH_15	2.61	2.58	2.25	2.14	1.54	1.53	3.97	4.42	57.15	7 225
XDH_16	3.34	3.31	2.23	2.19	1.48	1.47	4.97	5.58	71.94	9 045
XDH_17	2.72	2.62	2.61	1.62	1.61	1.74	5.87	3.87	116.03	10 683
XDH_18	3.10	3.15	2.22	2.31	1.31	1.41	4.22	5.37	84.24	7 680
XDH_19	3.16	3.04	3.02	2.41	1.62	1.33	7.57	5.10	71.97	13 777
注：XDH表示采样于小东海；DDH表示采样于大东海；V₁为TLS技术计算的体积；V₂为传统方法测量计算的体积；D_r为巨砾到珊瑚礁平台前缘的距离；M为质量；其中编号为XDH_13，XDH_14的海岸珊瑚巨砾由于层叠堆积在一起无法分离测量，将其按一块计算。

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表 4 海岸珊瑚巨砾起动波高

Tab. 4 Wave height required to coastal coral boulders transportation

巨砾编号	水动力环境	起动波高/m
		初始状态（浸没）		初始状态（暴露）		初始状态（镶嵌）
		TLS技术	传统方法	TLS技术	传统方法	TLS技术	传统方法
DDHE_01	海啸	0.94	1.27	0.34	0.45	2.56	2.82
DDHE_01	台风	1.89	2.54	1.36	1.78	10.22	11.28
DDHW_01	海啸	1.41	1.09	0.64	0.46	3.95	3.71
DDHW_01	台风	2.83	2.18	2.57	1.85	15.82	14.85
DDHW_02	海啸	1.16	1.28	0.48	0.52	2.91	3.22
DDHW_02	台风	2.31	2.55	1.92	2.06	11.63	12.87
DDHW_03	海啸	1.12	1.63	0.43	0.61	2.15	2.15
DDHW_03	台风	2.24	3.26	1.70	2.42	8.59	8.59
DDHW_04	海啸	1.41	0.87	0.63	0.34	3.08	2.82
DDHW_04	台风	2.81	1.74	2.50	1.35	12.34	11.28
XDH_01	海啸	1.13	1.17	0.51	0.55	3.24	3.47
XDH_01	台风	2.26	2.34	2.04	2.21	12.95	13.88
XDH_02	海啸	0.97	0.74	0.35	0.24	2.02	1.93
XDH_02	台风	1.94	1.48	1.42	0.96	8.06	7.71
XDH_03	海啸	0.88	0.65	0.57	0.20	2.37	1.82
XDH_03	台风	1.77	1.29	2.29	0.80	9.47	7.27
XDH_04	海啸	0.54	0.68	0.35	0.20	1.80	1.72
XDH_04	台风	1.08	1.36	1.40	0.79	7.18	6.87

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