全球新元古代冰期的记录和时限
Record and time of Neoproterozoic glaciations on Earth
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摘要: 新元古代时期,地球上出现了几次大规模的大洋型和大陆型冰川事件。但是,由于新元古界地层缺少有利的冰期沉积对比标志,因此对这些冰川事件的期次、开始和结束时间、全球化程度等仍然存在较大争议。冰期沉积物的成分、结构和构造是认识古冰川活动遗迹的重要地质证据,化学沉积地层的碳同位素漂移是识别冰期的常用地球化学代理指标,岩石和矿物氧同位素的极端值已经成为古大陆冰川活动的新兴地球化学代理指标。新元古代的地层年龄、岩石学和同位素地球化学特征指示了当时全球总共发育4次冰期,其中两次属于大洋型冰川,分别称为Sturtian冰期(718~660Ma)和Marinoan冰期(651~635Ma)。其中Marinoan冰期的全球化程度最高,对应于通常所说的"雪球地球事件"。Sturtian冰期可能属于滨海相-大陆边缘相沉积,其沉积物主要在海洋到大陆边缘的过渡地区发育。在这两期大洋型冰川之前和之后存在局部的大陆/山岳型冰川,其中Sturtian冰期之前的称为Kaigas冰期(757~741Ma),而Marinoan冰期之后的称之为Gaskiers冰期(583.7~582.1Ma)。尽管中国华南地区缺少这两次大陆型冰川的沉积记录,但是岩石和矿物的稳定同位素异常提供了这两次大陆型冰川曾经存在过的地球化学证据。因此,地质学和地球化学证据都可以用来追溯地质历史上的冰川事件。Abstract: Several serious glaciations of oceanic and continental origins occurred on Earth in the Neoproterozoic Period. However, there are hot debates on the number, time and extent of these glaciations due to the relative lack of robust indicators for glacial deposits. Sedimentary records such as the components, facies and structures of diamictites are the most important observations to substantiate the presence of glaciation. Carbon isotopic excursions in associated carbonates have been used to suggest the possible existence of glacial events during chemical deposition. Extreme oxygen isotope records in minerals and rocks are also a geochemical proxy for continental glaciation. Examination of available data for geochronology, sedimentary geology and isotope geochemistry indicates that there were four main glacial episodes on Earth during the Neoproterozoic. They are named as the Kaigas (757~741Ma), Sturtian (718~660Ma), Marinoan (651~635Ma), and Gaskiers (583.7~582.1Ma) iceages. The Marinoan glaciation is of oceanic origin with the global scale, corresponding to the snowball Earth event. The Sturtian glaciation may be of marine origin and was mainly deposited in the transitional facies from marine to continental margin. The Kaigas and Gaskiers glaciations are of continental or mountain origin and they occurred before and after the snowball Earth event, respectively. Although no sedimentary records have been recognized in South China for the Kaigas and Gaskiers glaciations, the abnormally negative carbon and oxygen isotope records provide the geochemical proxy for continental deglacial meltwater in the two episodes. Therefore, both geological and geochemical records can be used to retrieve the ancient glacial events in the history of Earth.
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Key words:
- Neoproterozoic /
- Iceage /
- Snowball Earth /
- Oceanic glaciation /
- Continental glaciation /
- Isotope age
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