Crucial control of sedimentary facies changes of intracontinental flexural (foreland) basin on stratigraphic correlation and climatic records: Model and application-A case from the Linxia Basin
-
摘要:
山前挠曲盆地是大陆上最常见的盆地之一，在我国西部和青藏高原及其周边广泛发育，其最大特点是盆地基底在相邻山地冲压下会产生显著挠曲下沉和冲断褶皱，并严格控制了盆地构造和地层与沉积相的发育，是开展新生代尤其第四纪盆地地层以及地层记录的气候变化研究的关键区域。然而该类盆地地层和沉积相变化很大，在开展地层长期气候变化和地层对比研究时容易产生严重的偏差。本文以临夏盆地的精细研究为例，概括出山前挠曲拗陷盆地的构造地层和沉积相时空演化模型，以及它们如何控制地层的对比和古气候记录的产生，以期为我国新生代古气候研究中遇到的大量地层年代争论和古气候记录矛盾的解决提供借鉴。
-
关键词:
- 山前挠曲盆地 /
- 构造地层沉积演化模型 /
- 新生代气候变化 /
- 临夏盆地
Abstract:Intracontinental flexural (foreland)basin is one of the most common occurred basins in the continent. It is widely distributed in and around the Tibetan Plateau. Its striking features are the remarkable flexural depression and thrust-fold of basin marginal basement and sediments due to loading of nearby mountains from push, which strictly control the evolution of the basin tectonics and the development of the stratigraphy and sedimentary facies. The sediments in such basin are now frequently used as archives for detailed paleoclimatic and sedimentary environmental reconstruction, fossil and stratigraphic correlation, and tectonic evolution and uplift of basin and orogen. However, sedimentologic characteristics vary considerably in time-space with the evolution of flexural basin, apt to cause misinterpretation of climatic change and stratigraphic correlation. Especially for those who are used to study climatic changes using homogeneous sediments, such as eolian dust deposits, or on more or less stable sediments in down-faulting basins with less lateral sedimentary facies variation, it is more at risks to make serious mistakes. Perhaps this is one of the major reasons why there are so many serious contradictions in age determination of stratigraphy, paleontological vs. paleomagnetic stratigraphy correlation, sedimentary facies and climatic records and changes in basins in Western China. Based on high resolution fossil mammal and magnetostratigraphic constraints and sedimentary facies analysis, here we take the Linxia Basin at the front of the NE Tibetan Plateau as a case to demonstrate and figure out a model how sedimentology and stratigraphy vary temporospatially with the evolution of such flexural basin, which at first order strictly control the proxy climatic records, thus climatic change history. We wish our research could shed light on making clear many of the differences or contradictions in basin stratigraphy and climatic studies in Western China.
The results show that the typical intracontinental foreland Linxia Basin experienced two phases, the early subsidence and the late thrust-fold, of flexural deformation exerted by the West Qinling (Mts.)and NE Tibetan Plateau to the south. The early subsidence phase manifests as the basin being mainly subjected to flexural depression mostly in response and balance with pushing and loading mountains, during which the uplift and erosion of the loading mountains are generally in balance with supplying and infilling of mostly fine sediments to flexural basin, forming remarkable sediment wedge in the foredeep. In the Linxia Basin, this commenced latest at the beginning of the Late Oligocene (26.5 Ma). During such tectonosedimentary environment, a big river-shallow lake system develops along the foredeep and parallels the pushing and loading mountains. The late thrust-fold phase is characterized with the loading mountains begin to uplift rapidly and thrust onto the basin, causing strong mountain erosion, thrust-fold belt propagation and basin overfilling. This forced the mountains-parallel river-lake system to turn to the mountains-perpendicular alluvial-braided river system, and finally to an outflow system. Concurrent are rapid rotation of the basin, occurrence of growth strata and late unconformities, widespread expansion of boulder conglomerates, great decreasing and increasing sedimentation rates above and before the hanging wall of the fault-fold system and new supplementary provenance from the thrust-fold system. In the Linxia Basin, this phase began at ca. 8 Ma. This demonstrates that in stable climate, same lithologic units such as distinct lacustrine sediments and alluvial conglomerates will migrate basinwards with the foredeep moving into basin, causing a great diachroneity and often misleads to recognize the same lithologic unit in space as one unit in time.
-
-
图 1
前陆盆地构造特征(修改自文献[13])
Figure 1.
Tectonic units of a foreland basin system, modified from reference [13]. TF:Topographic front of the thrust belt; Diagonally ruled area:indicates pre-existing miogeoclinal strata; D:Duplex; TZ:Frontal triangle zone. For an intracontinental regenerated foreland basin or flexural basin, Fang et al.[14] propose to add a new unit of foredeep slope to depict better the distribution and temporospatial evolution of sedimentary facies system of the basin
图 2
临夏盆地构造地质简图和研究剖面位置(a)及其横剖面图(b)
Figure 2.
Geological map of the Linxia Basin and locations of the studied sections (a) and their geological cross section (b), modified from reference [14]
图 3
临夏盆地中央至南缘毛沟(a)、郭泥沟(b)和黑林顶(c)剖面地层和沉积相对比及其所反映的盆地沉积构造演化(d)(修改自文献[14, 62])
Figure 3.
Correlation of the stratigraphy vs. sedimentary facies of the three studied sections (a~c) in the Linxia Basin and their indicated basin tectonosedimentary evolution (d), modified from references [14, 62]. Note that the generally decreasing and increasing trends of sedimentation rates in the foredeep and forebulge zones concur with basinward migrations of the foredeep and basin center (lake) and their accompanying expansions of alluvial fan-braided river within same time intervals (22 Ma, 13 Ma, 8 Ma and 4.34 Ma) in Phases Ⅰ and Ⅱ. A cartoon presentation of processes in Phases Ⅰ and Ⅱ is presented in lower left for easy tracing in (d)
图 4
临夏盆地毛沟、郭泥沟和黑林顶剖面沉积速率(b)和平均磁偏角(c)
Figure 4.
Variations of sedimentation rates (b) and mean paleomagnetic declinations (c) of the Heilinding, Guonigou and Maogou sections with time and their comparison with the Late Cenozoic global climate change indicated by the oxygen isotope record of synthetic benthic foraminifera of deep sea sediments[66] (a), modified from reference [14]
-
[1] 刘东生, 等.黄土与环境[M].北京:科学出版社, 1985:481.
Liu Tungsheng, et al. Loess and Environment[M]. Beijing:Science Press, 1985:481.
[2] An Z S, Liu T S, Lu Y C, et al. The long term paleomonsoon variation recorded by the loess-paleosol sequence in Central China[J]. Quaternary International, 1990, 7-8:91-95. doi: 10.1016/1040-6182(90)90042-3
[3] An Z S, Kutzbach J E, Prell W L, et al. Evolution of Asian monsoons and phased uplift of the Himalaya-Tibetan Plateau since Late Miocene times[J]. Nature, 2001, 411(6833):62-66. doi: 10.1038/35075035
[4] Ding Z L, Yu Z, Rutter N, et al. Towards an orbital time scale for Chinese loess deposits[J]. Quaternary Science Reviews, 1994, 13(1):39-70. doi: 10.1016/0277-3791(94)90124-4
[5] Ding Z L, Xiong S F, Sun J M, et al. Pedostratigraphy and paleomagnetism of a~7.0 Ma. B.P. eolian loess-red clay sequence at Lingtai, Loess Plateau, north-central China and the implications for paleomonsoon evolution[J]. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 1999, 152(1-2):49-66. doi: 10.1016/S0031-0182(99)00034-6
[6] Fang X M, Pan B T, Guan D H, et al. A 60000-year loess-paleosol record of millennial-scale summer monsoon instability from Lanzhou, China[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 1999, 44(24):2264-2267. doi: 10.1007/BF02885935
[7] Guo Z T, Biscaye P, Wei L Y, et al. Summer monsoon variations over the last 1.2 Ma from the weathering of loess-soil sequences in China[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2000, 27(2):1751-1754. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Zhengtang_Guo/publication/228714239_Summer_monsoon_variations_over_the_last_12_Ma_from_the_weathering_of_loess-soil_sequences_in_China/links/0fcfd50573355743e5000000.pdf?inViewer=0&pdfJsDownload=0&origin=publication_detail
[8] 贾承造, 宋岩, 魏国齐, 等.中国中西部前陆盆地的地质特征及油气聚集[J].地学前缘, 2005, 12(3):3-13. http://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?filename=dxqy200503000&dbname=CJFD&dbcode=CJFQ
Jia Chengzao, Song Yan, Wei Guoqi, et al. Geological features and petroleum accumulation in the foreland basins in central and western China[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2005, 12(3):3-13. http://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?filename=dxqy200503000&dbname=CJFD&dbcode=CJFQ
[9] 高长林, 叶德燎, 钱一雄.前陆盆地的类型及油气远景[J].石油实验地质, 2000, 22(2):99-104. doi: 10.11781/sysydz200002099
Gao Changlin, Ye Deliao, Qian Yixiong. Classification of foreland basins and aspect of hydrocarbon resource[J]. Experiment Petroleum Geology, 2000, 22(2):99-104. doi: 10.11781/sysydz200002099
[10] 李本亮, 魏国齐, 贾承造.中国前陆盆地构造地质特征综述与油气勘探[J].地学前缘, 2009, 16(4):190-202. http://or.nsfc.gov.cn/handle/00001903-5/50097
Li Benliang, Wei Guoqi, Jia Chengzao. Some key tectonics characteristics of Chinese foreland basins and their petroleum exploration[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2009, 16(4):190-202. http://or.nsfc.gov.cn/handle/00001903-5/50097
[11] Dickinson W R. Plate tectonic and sedimentation[C]//Dickinson W R. Tectonics and Sedimentation. Tulsa:SEPM Special Publication No. 22, 1974:1-27.
[12] Allen P A, Homewood P. Foreland Basin[M]. Oxford:Blackwell Science Publication, 1986:1-217.
[13] DeCelles P G, Giles K A. Foreland basin systems[J]. Basin Research, 1996, 8(2):105-123. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2117.1996.01491.x
[14] Fang X M, Wang J Y, Zhang W L, et al. Tectonosedimentary evolution model of an intracontinental flexural (foreland)basin for paleoclimatic research[J]. Global and Planetary Change, 2016, 145:78-97. doi: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2016.08.015
[15] 方小敏, 李吉均, 朱俊杰, 等.甘肃临夏盆地新生代地层绝对年龄测定与划分[J].科学通报, 1997, 42(14):1457-1471. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0023-074X.1997.14.001
Fang Xiaomin, Li Jijun, Zhu Junjie, et al. Absolute age determination and division of the Cenozoic stratigraphy of the Linxia Basin in Gansu, China[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 1997, 42(14):1457-1471. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0023-074X.1997.14.001
[16] Fang X M, Garzione C, Van der Voo R, et al. Flexural subsidence by 29 Ma on the NE edge of Tibet from the magnetostratigraphy of Linxia Basin, China[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2003, 210(3-4):545-560. doi: 10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00142-0
[17] Li Jijun, et al. Uplift of Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet)Plateau and Global Change[M]. Lanzhou:Lanzhou University Press, 1995:182.
[18] 杨钟健, 周明镇.甘肃灵武渐新世哺乳类动物化石[J].古生物学报, 1956, 4(4):447-459. http://www.adearth.ac.cn/CN/abstract/abstract10919.shtml
Young Chungchien, Chow Minchen. Some Oligocene mammals from Lingwu, N. Gansu[J]. Acta Palaeontologica Sinca, 1956, 4(4):447-459. http://www.adearth.ac.cn/CN/abstract/abstract10919.shtml
[19] Jiang H C, Ding Z L, Xiong S F. Magnetostratigraphy of the Neogene Sikouzi section at Guyuan, Ningxia, China[J]. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 2007, 243(1):223-234. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031018206004330
[20] Wang W T, Zhang P Z, Kirby E, et al. A revised chronology for Tertiary sedimentation in the Sikouzi Basin:Implications for the tectonic evolution of the northeastern corner of the Tibetan Plateau[J]. Tectonophysics, 2011, 505(1-4):100-114. doi: 10.1016/j.tecto.2011.04.006
[21] Guo Z T, Ruddiman W F, Hao Q Z, et al. Onset of Asian desertification by 22 Myr ago inferred from loess deposits in China[J]. Nature, 2002, 416(6877):159-163. doi: 10.1038/416159a
[22] Alonso-Zarza A M, Zhao Z, Song C H, et al. Mudflat/distal fan and shallow lake sedimentation (upper Vallesian-Turolian)in the Tianshui Basin, Central China:Evidence against the Late Miocene eolian loess[J]. Sedimentary Geology, 2009, 222(1):42-51. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0037073810001624
[23] Peng T J, Li J J, Song C H, et al. Biomarkers challenge Early Miocene loess and inferred Asian desertification[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2012, 39(6):104-105. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012GeoRL..39.6702P
[24] Zhang J, Li J J, Song C H, et al. Paleomagnetic ages of Miocene fluvio-lacustrine sediments in the Tianshui Basin, Western China[J]. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 2013, 62:341-348. doi: 10.1016/j.jseaes.2012.10.014
[25] Opdyke N, Flynn L, Lindsay E, et al. The magnetic stratigraphy of the Yehucheng and Xianshuihe formations of Oligocene-Miocene age near Lanzhou City[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 1999, 44(Suppl.1):51-53. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X15007232
[26] Qiu Z X, Wang B Y, Qiu Z D, et al. Land mammal geochronology and magnetostratigraphy of mid-Tertiary deposits in the Lanzhou Basin, Gansu Province, China[J]. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, 2001, 94(3):373-385. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267156604_Land_mammal_geochronology_and_magnetostratigraphy_of_mid-Tertiary_deposits_in_the_Lanzhou_Basin_Gansu_Province_China
[27] 岳乐平, Heller F, 邱占祥, 等.兰州盆地第三系磁性地层年代与古环境记录[J].科学通报, 2000, 45(18):1998-2002. http://doi.wanfangdata.com.cn/10.3321/j.issn:0023-074X.2000.18.019
Yue Leping, Heller F, Qiu Zhanxiang, et al. Magnetostratigraphy and paleo-environmental record of Tertiary deposits of Lanzhou Basin[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2001, 46(9):770-774. http://doi.wanfangdata.com.cn/10.3321/j.issn:0023-074X.2000.18.019
[28] 颉光普.甘肃兰州盆地的第三纪地层及哺乳动物群[J].地层学杂志, 2004, 28(1):67-80. https://www.cnki.com.cn/lunwen-2005151628.html
Xie Guangpu. The Tertiary and local mammalian faunas in Lanzhou Basin, Gansu[J]. Journal of Stratigraphy, 2004, 28(1):67-80. https://www.cnki.com.cn/lunwen-2005151628.html
[29] Sun D H, Zhang Y B, Han F, et al. Magnetostratigraphy and palaeoenvironmental records for a Late Cenozoic sedimentary sequence from Lanzhou, northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau[J]. Global and Planetary Change, 2011, 76(3):106-116. http://npd.nsfc.gov.cn/projectDetail.action?pid=41021091
[30] Deng Tao, Wang Xiaoming, Ni Xijun, et al. Sequence of the Cenozoic mammalian faunas of the Linxia Basin in Gansu, China[J]. Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition), 2010, 78(1):8-14. doi: 10.1111/acgs.2004.78.issue-1
[31] 邓涛.临夏盆地中中新统虎家梁组的建立及其特征[J].地层学杂志, 2004, 28(4):307-312. http://mall.cnki.net/magazine/article/DCXZ200404004.htm
Deng Tao. Establishment of the Middle Miocene Hujialiang Formation in the Linxia Basin of Gansu and its features[J]. Journal of Stratigraphy, 2004, 28(4):307-312. http://mall.cnki.net/magazine/article/DCXZ200404004.htm
[32] Deng Tao, Qiu Zhanxiang, Wang Banyue, et al. Late Cenozoic biostratigraphy of the Linxia Basin, Northwestern China[M]//Wang X M, Flynn L J, Fortelius M. Fossil Mammals of Asia:Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. New York:Columbia University Press, 2013:243-273.
[33] 邱占祥, 王伴月, 邓涛.甘肃临夏盆地牙沟的哺乳动物化石及有关地层问题[J].古脊椎动物学报, 2004, 42(4), 276-296. http://www.doc88.com/p-5374761255727.html
Qiu Zhanxiang, Wang Banyue, Deng Tao. Mammal fossils from Yagou, Linxia Basin, Gansu, and related stratigraphic problems[J]. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 2004, 42(4):276-296. http://www.doc88.com/p-5374761255727.html
[34] Garzione C N, Ikari M J, Basu A R. Source of Oligocene to Pliocene sedimentary rocks in the Linxia Basin in northeastern Tibet from Nd isotopes:Implications for tectonic forcing of climate[J]. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 2005, 117(9):1156-1166. doi: 10.1130/B25743.1
[35] 邱铸鼎, 李传夔, 王士阶.青海西宁盆地中新世哺乳动物[J].古脊椎动物与古人类, 1981, 19(2):156-173. https://www.cnki.com.cn/lunwen-2005151628.html
Qiu Zhuding, Li Chuankui, Wang Shijie. Miocene mammals fossils from Xining Basin, Qinghai[J]. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 1981, 19(2):156-173. https://www.cnki.com.cn/lunwen-2005151628.html
[36] 鹿化煜, 安芷生, 王晓勇, 等.最近14 Ma青藏高原东北缘阶段性隆升的地貌证据[J].中国科学(D辑), 2004, 34(9):855-864. http://www.wenkuxiazai.com/doc/67dc7496c8d376eeafaa3151.html
Lu Huayu, An Zhisheng, Wang Xiaoyong, et al. Geomorphologic evidence of phased uplift of the northeastern Qinhai-Tibet Plateau since 14 million years ago[J]. Science in China (Series D), 2004, 47(9):822-833. http://www.wenkuxiazai.com/doc/67dc7496c8d376eeafaa3151.html
[37] Dai S, Fang X M, Dupont-Nivet G, et al. Magnetostratigraphy of Cenozoic sediments from the Xining Basin:Tectonic implications for the northeastern Tibetan Plateau[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth, 2006, 111(B11):335-360. http://or.nsfc.gov.cn/bitstream/00001903-5/252890/1/1000014273621.pdf
[38] 武力超, 岳乐平, 王建其, 等.新近系谢家阶层型剖面古地磁年代学研究[J].地层学杂志, 2006, 30(1):50-53. http://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?filename=dcxz200601007&dbname=CJFD&dbcode=CJFQ
Wu Lichao, Yue Leping, Wang Jianqi, et al. Magnetostratigraphy of stratotype section of the Neogene Xiejia Stage[J]. Journal of Stratigraphy, 2006, 30(1):50-53. http://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?filename=dcxz200601007&dbname=CJFD&dbcode=CJFQ
[39] Dupont-Nivet G, Krijgsman W, Langereis C G, et al. Tibetan Plateau aridification linked to global cooling at the Eocene-Oligocene Transition[J]. Nature, 2007, 445(7128):635-638. doi: 10.1038/nature05516
[40] Xiao G Q, Abels H A, Yao Z Q, et al. Asian aridification linked to the first step of the Eocene-Oligocene climate Transition (EOT)in obliquity-dominated terrestrial records (Xining Basin, China)[J]. Climate of the Past, 2010, 6(4):501-513. doi: 10.5194/cp-6-501-2010
[41] Zhang W L, Zhang T, Song C H, et al. Termination of fluvial-alluvial sedimentation in the Xining Basin, NE Tibetan Plateau, and its subsequent geomorphic evolution[J]. Geomorphology, 2017, 297:86-99. doi: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2017.09.008
[42] Yang R S, Fang X M, Meng Q Q, et al. Paleomagnetic constraints on the Middle Miocene-Early Pliocene stratigraphy in the Xining Basin, NE Tibetan Plateau, and the geologic implications[J]. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 2017, 18:3741-3757. doi:10.1002/2017GC006945.
[43] Gilder S A, Chen Y, Sen S, et al. Oligo-Miocene magnetostratigraphy and rock magnetism of the Xishuigou section, Subei (Gansu Province, Western China)and implications for shallow inclinations in Central Asia[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth, 2001, 106(B12):30505-30521. doi: 10.1029/2001JB000325
[44] Sun J M, Zhu R X, An Z S. Tectonic uplift in the northern Tibetan Plateau since 13.7 Ma ago inferred from molasse deposits along the Altyn Tagh Fault[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2005, 235(3):641-653. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X05002840
[45] Charreau J, Gilder S, Chen Y, et al. Magnetostratigraphy of the Yaha section, Tarim Basin (China):11 Ma acceleration in erosion and uplift of the Tian Shan Mountains[J]. Geology, 2006, 34(3):181-184. doi: 10.1130/G22106.1
[46] Charreau J, Gumiaux C, Avouac J P, et al. The Neogene Xiyu Formation, a diachronous prograding gravel wedge at front of the Tianshan:Climatic and tectonic implications[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2009, 287(3-4):298-310. doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2009.07.035
[47] Huang B C, Piper J D A, Peng S T, et al. Magnetostratigraphic study of the Kuche Depression, Tarim Basin, and Cenozoic uplift of the Tian Shan Range, Western China[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2006, 251(3-4):346-364. doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2006.09.020
[48] Huang B C, Piper J D A, Qiao Q Q, et al. Magnetostratigraphic and rock magnetic study of the Neogene upper Yaha section, Kuche Depression (Tarim Basin):Implications to formation of the Xiyu conglomerate formation, NW China[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth, 2010, 115(B1):116-125. http://www.academia.edu/1310509/Magnetostratigraphic_study_of_the_Kuche_Depression_Tarim_Basin_and_Cenozoic_uplift_of_the_Tian_Shan_Range_Western_China
[49] Sun J M, Zhang Z Q. Syntectonic growth strata and implications for Late Cenozoic tectonic uplift in the northern Tian Shan, China[J]. Tectonophysics, 2009, 463(1-4):60-68. doi: 10.1016/j.tecto.2008.09.008
[50] Sun J M, Li Y, Zhang Z Q, et al. Magnetostratigraphic data on Neogene growth folding in the foreland basin of the southern Tianshan Mountains[J]. Geology, 2009, 37(11):1051-1054. doi: 10.1130/G30278A.1
[51] Sun D H, Bloemendal J, Yi Z Y, et al. Palaeomagnetic and palaeoenvironmental study of two parallel sections of Late Cenozoic strata in the central Taklimakan Desert:Implications for the desertification of the Tarim Basin[J]. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 2011, 300(1-4):1-10. doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.11.015
[52] Zhang T, Fang X M, Song C H, et al. Cenozoic tectonic deformation and uplift of the South Tian Shan:Implications from magnetostratigraphy and balanced cross-section restoration of the Kuqa depression[J]. Tectonophysics, 2014, 628:172-187. doi: 10.1016/j.tecto.2014.04.044
[53] Zheng H B, Wei X C, Tada R, et al. Late Oligocene-Early Miocene birth of the Taklimakan Desert[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2015, 112(25):7662-7667. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1424487112
[54] Sun J M, Zhu R X, Bowler J. Timing of the Tianshan Mountains uplift constrained by magnetostratigraphic analysis of molasse deposits[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2004, 219(3):239-253. http://cpfd.cnki.com.cn/Article/CPFDTOTAL-DZDQ200412003007.htm
[55] Charreau J, Chen Y, Gilder S, et al. Magnetostratigraphy and rock magnetism of the Neogene Kuitun He section (Northwest China):Implications for Late Cenozoic uplift of the Tianshan Mountains[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2005, 230(1-2):177-192. doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2004.11.002
[56] Charreau J, Chen Y, Gilder S, et al. Neogene uplift of the Tian Shan Mountains observed in the magnetic record of the Jingou River section (Northwest China)[J]. Tectonics, 2009, 28(2):224-243. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224962487_Neogene_uplift_of_the_Tian_Shan_Mountains_observed_in_the_magnetic_record_of_the_Jingou_River_section_Northwest_China
[57] Ji J L, Luo P, White P D, et al. Episodic uplift of the Tianshan Mountains since the Late Oligocene constrained by magnetostratigraphy of the Jingou River section, in the southern margin of the Junggar Basin, China[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth, 2008, 113:B05102. doi:10.1029/2007JB005064.
[58] Li C X, Dupont Nivet G, Guo Z J. Magnetostratigraphy of the northern Tian Shan foreland, Taxi He section, China[J]. Basin Research, 2011, 23(1):101-117. doi: 10.1111/bre.2011.23.issue-1
[59] 庞丽波.甘肃临夏盆地石磊地点的三趾马化石[J].第四纪研究, 2015, 35(3):502-512. http://www.oalib.com/paper/4157220
Pang Libo. Hipparion (Equidae, Perissodactyla)fossils from the Shilei locality of the Linxia Basin, Gansu Province[J]. Quaternary Sciences, 2015, 35(3):502-512. http://www.oalib.com/paper/4157220
[60] 卢小康, 陈善勤, 何文.临夏盆地晚新近纪山西犀头骨新材料及其生存环境[J].第四纪研究, 2015, 35(3):539-549. http://www.oalib.com/paper/4171337
Lu Xiaokang, Chen Shanqin, He Wen. New skulls of Shansirhinus ringstroemi from the Upper Neogene of the Linxia Basin, and their paleoenvironmental context[J]. Quaternary Sciences, 2015, 35(3):539-549. http://www.oalib.com/paper/4171337
[61] 李刈昆.甘肃临夏盆地晚中新世杨家山动物群的瞪羚化石[J].第四纪研究, 2015, 35(3):550-560. http://www.oalib.com/paper/4882570
Li Yikun. Gazella fossils of the Late Miocene Yangjiashan fauna from the Linxia Basin, Gansu Province[J]. Quaternary Sciences, 2015, 35(3):550-560. http://www.oalib.com/paper/4882570
[62] Wu F L, Fang X M, Meng Q Q, et al. Magneto-and litho-stratigraphic records of the Oligocene-Early Miocene climatic changes from deep drilling in the Linxia Basin, northeast Tibetan Plateau[J]. Global and Planetary Change, 2017, 158:36-46. doi: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2017.09.008
[63] Reading H G. Sedimentary Environments:Processes, Facies and Stratigraphy (3rd Edition)[M]. London:Wiley-Blackwell, 2009:704.
[64] Li J J, Fang X M, Van der Voo R, et al. Magnetostratigraphic dating of river terraces:Rapid and intermittent incision by the Yellow River of the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau during the Quaternary[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth, 1997, 1021(B5):10121-10132. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/97JB00275/full
[65] 郑德文, 张培震, 万景林, 等.青藏高原东北边缘晚新生代构造变形的时序——临夏盆地碎屑颗粒磷灰石裂变径迹记录[J].中国科学(D辑), 2003, 33(z1):190-198. http://www.oalib.com/paper/4152997
Zheng Dewen, Zhang Peizhen, Wan Jinglin, et al. Late Cenozoic deformation subsequence in northeastern margin of Tibet-Detrital AFT records from Linxia Basin[J]. Science in China (Series D), 2003, 46(z2):266-275. http://www.oalib.com/paper/4152997
[66] Zachos J C, Pagani M, Sloan L, et al. Trends, rhythms, and aberrations in global climate 65 Ma to present[J]. Science, 2001, 292(5517):686-693. doi: 10.1126/science.1059412
[67] Covey M. The evolution of foreland basins to steady state:evidence from the Western Taiwan Foreland Basin[C]//Allen P A, Homewood P. Foreland Basins. Internationl Association of Sedimentologists Special Publication 8, 1986:77-90.
[68] Beaumont C. Foreland basins[J]. Geophysical Journal International, 1981, 65(2):291-329. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.1981.tb02715.x
[69] Stockmal G S, Beaumont C, Boutilier R. Geodynamic models of emergent margin tectonics:Transition from rifted margin overthrust belt and consequences for foreland-basin development[J]. AAPG Bulletin, 1986, 70(2):181-190. https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/aapgbull/article-abstract/70/2/181/38139/geodynamic-models-of-convergent-margin-tectonics
[70] Sinclair H D, Coakley B J, Allen P A, et al. Simulation of foreland basin stratigraphy using a diffusion model of mountain belt uplift and erosion:An example from the central Alps, Switzerland[J]. Tectonics, 1991, 10(3):599-620. doi: 10.1029/90TC02507
-
下载:
图(5)
计量
- 文章访问数:
- PDF下载数:
- 施引文献: 0