韩江、珠江、红河、湄公河、湄南河三角洲同处东亚季风热带。河流丰水少沙,径流强劲, 洪枯流量比值大,洪泛平原和湿地发育,有珊瑚礁和红树林堆积,平原推进速率较大,出海口门多,这些都是热带三角洲的特色。各三角洲的构造基础都是断陷盆地,由于断陷的幅度和时代不相同,故而第四系的厚度和年龄差异很大。受全球海平面变化的影响,末次冰期以来,各三角洲经历了相似的沉积过程,发育3期三角洲。所处位置(湾内或湾外)、滨外陆架坡度、海洋动力等条件,使各三角洲的地貌类型、地面高程、平原推进速率、水下三角洲、水动力类型等有较大的差异。
Abstract
The five deltas of South China and Indochina Peninsula are all deposited in downfaulted basins. The downfault structure is mainly shown by the red weathering crust on the basement of the Quaternary,island hills on plain,islands off estuary,seismic activity and others.The thickness of Quaternary of Chao Phraya Delta is over 650m but that of Zhujiang Delta is only 63m, showing the different amplitude of downfaulting. The deposits of Early and Middle Pleistocene can be found in the three deltas of Indochina Peninsula but the kown oldest datings are only 52 138 a B P and 45 120 a B P in Hanjiang and Zhujiang Delta,respectively. Since middle stage of the Latest Glacial Period the five deltas have undergone three times of deltaic deposition and two times of discontinuity occurred.The maximum of Holocene transgression is mostly dated at 6 500-5 000 a B P.The advance rate of plain during the past hundred years is 63-120m/a in Zhujiang Delta but that of Chao Phraya Delta is only 4.0m/a. The similarity of the deltas can be enumerated as follows:abundant water and less silt content,composite deposits of several rivers,braided stream,several river mouths,smaller channel curvature,extensive flood plain and wetland,south-westward extending of delta plain,and sedimentary of mangrove. The deltas have following differentiation.The areas of the deltas are quite different.The altitude of plain is larger in the delta inside of estuary.The submerged delta developed in the delta with smaller shelf gradient.The hydrodynamics of the deltas can be recognized as follows:runoff-tidal type of Zhujiang Delta and Chao Phraya Delta,runoff-wave type of Hanjiang Delta and Red River Delta,and runoff-tidal-wave type of Mekong Delta.
中图分类号：
P931
{{custom_clc.code}}
({{custom_clc.text}})
{{custom_sec.title}}
{{custom_sec.title}}
{{custom_sec.content}}
参考文献
[1] 李平日,黄镇国,宗永强,等.韩江三角洲[M].北京:海洋出版社,1987.
[2] 黄镇国,李平日,张仲英,等.珠江三角洲[M].广州:科学普及出版社,1982.
[3] 魏柏林,孙崇赤,奏乃岗,等.珠江三角洲地震活动及预测研究[M].北京:地震出版社,2002.
[4] 刘昭蜀,赵焕庭,范时清,等.南海地质[M].北京: 科学出版社,2002.
[5] Nguyen K L.The seismotectonics of the Indochina Peninsula[J].Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences,1991,6(2):55-61.
[6] Mathers S.Zaiasiewicz J.Holocene sedimentary architecture of the Red River Delta,Vietnam[J].Journal of Coastal Research,1999,15(2):314-325.
[7] Van Lap Nguyen,Thi Kim Oanh Ta,Masaaki Tateishi.Late Holocene depositional environments and coastal evolution of the Mekong River Delta,Southern Vietnam[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,2000,18(4):427-439.
[8] Thiramonkol N.Geomorphology of the lower central plain,Thai- land. In: Chulalongkom University. Proceedings of 3rd Meeting of Working Group on Geomorphology of River and Coastal Plains. Bangkok:Department of Geology,Chulalongkorn University,1984.103-117.
[9] Somboon R P.Paleontological study of the recent marine sediments in the lower central plain, Thailand[J].JSAES,1988,2(3-4):201-210.
[10] 黄镇国,张伟强,陈俊鸿.中国红土与自然地带变迁[J].地理学报,1999,54(3):193~200.
[11] Tran Nghi.Quaternary sedimentation of the principal deltas of Vietnam[J].JSAES,1991,6(2):103-110
[12] Dheeradilok Phisit.Stratigraphic correlation of Quaternary deposits in Thailand. In:Itihara M,Kamei T (eds.).Proceedings of the First International Colloquium on Quaternary Stratigraphy of Asia and Pacific Areas. Osaka: Osaka Economy University Press,1986.121-142.
[13] Sin Sinsakul.Late Quaternary geology of the lower central plain,Thailand[J].Journal Asian Earth Sciences,2000,18(4):415-426.
[14] 李平日,郑建生,方国祥.广州地区第四纪地质[M].广州:华南理工大学出版社,1989.
[15] 黄镇国,张伟强,陈俊鸿.珠江三角洲生物埋葬群与环境变迁[J].地理学报,1995,50(4):310~323.
[16] 黄镇国,李平日,张仲英,等.深圳地貌.广州: 广东科技出版社,1983.
[17] 黄镇国,张伟强,蔡福祥.华南末次冰期盛期最低海面问题[J].地理学报,1995,50(5):385~393.
[18] 陈欣树,陈俊仁,赵希涛.珠江口外陆架第四纪最低海面的发现[J].热带海洋,1990,9(4):73~77.
[19] Pitman J I.Thailand.In:Bird,Schwartz (eds.).The World's Coast Line.New York:Van Norstrand Reinhold Company,1985.771-787.
[20] 陈伟光,张福来,张虎男.珠江三角洲地区新构造运动年代学研究[J].地震地质,1991,13(3):213~220.
[21] Korotky A M.Razjigaeva N G.Ganzey L A et al.Late Pleistocene-Holocene coastal devalopment of islands off Vietnam[J].JSAES,1995,11(4):301-308.
[22] 黄镇国,张伟强,蔡福祥.珠江水下三角洲[J].地理学报,1995,50(3):206~214.
{{custom_fnGroup.title_cn}}
脚注
{{custom_fn.content}}
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(40371015)。
{{custom_fund}}
PDF(1223 KB)
AI Summary
