Research progress on pollen-based floristic diversity change and its mechanism since the Last Glacial Maximum
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摘要:
植物多样性变化及其对气候的响应机制是未来全球变化模拟和生物多样性保护决策的科学基础。对过去长时间尺度植物多样性变化的研究，可为预测未来类似幅度增温场景下生态系统的变化提供依据。国内外众多学者已在基于化石孢粉记录的过去植物多样性重建方面开展了大量工作。文章综述了多种孢粉多样性量化指数、末次冰盛期以来全球各地植物多样性变化趋势以及植物多样性的影响因素等。孢粉多样性重建指数可分为固有指数(丰富度和均匀度)和差异性指数(β指数)，分别从多个侧面度量了多样性变化。末次冰盛期以来植物多样性变化可划分出5个阶段，总体呈上升趋势的背景下表现出明显的空间分异。影响过去植物多样性变化的因素主要来自气候等自然因素和人类活动等非自然扰动，表现为长时间尺度变化受到气候变化的主控，晚全新世日益增强的人类活动对植物多样性的影响已经极大地超过了气候变化驱动下的自然变率。人类世以来观测记录显示的生物多样性减少、甚至生物灭绝的主要原因应是人类活动，而非全球变暖。
Abstract:The understanding of floristic diversity changes and their response mechanisms to climate serve as the scientific foundation for future global change modeling and biodiversity conservation decision-making. The long-term changes in vegetation diversity in the past provide valuable insights into predicting ecosystem changes under analogous warming scenarios in the future. A number of researchers have focused on reconstructing past floristic diversity using fossil palynological diversity. This paper reviews quantitative indices of palynological diversity, trends of reconstructed floristic diversity across various regions since the Last Glacial Maximum(LGM), and their influencing factors. Diversity indices are composed of intrinsic indices, like richness and evenness, and a difference index of β index, which comprehensively measure diverse aspects of diversity change. Based on integration of records from various regions, floristic diversity changes since the LGM can be divided into five stages, each exhibiting distinct spatial variations amidst an overall upward trend. There were two periods of rapid increase in floristic diversity, occurring during 15~11 ka B.P. and around 4 ka B.P., respectively. Natural factors such as climate, along with unnatural disturbances like human activities, were major drivers affecting past diversity patterns. It's suggested that the long-term changes of floristic diversity were predominantly influenced by climate change, whereas during the Late Holocene, human activities exerted a significantly greater impact on vegetation diversity than natural variability driven solely by climate change. Therefore, it is crucial to recognize that observed declines in biodiversity and even extinctions since the Anthropocene are primarily caused by human activity rather than global warming.
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图 1
典型区域基于孢粉的植物多样性定量重建结果
Figure 1.
Quantitative reconstruction of floristic diversity in typical areas based on pollen assemblages. (a)Palynological richness of Ayoo core record in western Mediterranean[40]; (b)Palynological richness of Lago di Origlio Lake in Central Europe[41]; (c)Shannon Index of Xia Renna record in Altai Mountain, Xinjiang(high altitude)[42]; (d)Shannon Index of Kanas core from Altai Mountain, Xinjiang(low altitude)[42]; (e)Multi-record integration results of Alps Mountains(based on 50000 statistics)[43]; (f)Palynological richness of LLG Lake in Bolivia, South America[44]; (g)Palynological richness of ZB10-C9 peat core in the Zoige Basin, eastern Tibetan Plateau[45]; (h)Results of multi-record integration in western Tasmania, Australia[46]; (i)Multi-record integration results of Australian continent[46]; (j)Globally resolved mean surface temperatures; (k)Summer mean insolation(June-July-August)at 30°N; (l)Summer mean insolation(June-July-August)at 60°N
图 2
欧洲大陆不同区域冰消期以来孢粉多样性集成结果(修改自Giesecke等[43])
Figure 2.
Regional pollen type richness through time based on pollen diagrams from Europe(modified from Giesecke et al.[43]). Comparisons are made at a sample size of 50000 identifications using rarefaction based on all accepted types. Line shapes indicate regions: (a) Meridional/Sub meridional(circle); (b) Alps(square); (c) Temperate Continental(black line); (d) Temperate Oceanic(black dotted); (e) Boreal(triangular)
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