峨眉山玄武岩作为长江上游特征源岩对三峡贯通的指示

杨建; 李长安; N'dji ditJacques Dembele; 江华军

doi:10.3799/dqkx.2014.041

峨眉山玄武岩作为长江上游特征源岩对三峡贯通的指示

doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2014.041

1.
中国地质大学地球科学学院，湖北武汉 430074
2.
中国地质大学生物地质与环境地质国家重点实验室，湖北武汉 430074

基金项目:

国家自然科学基金 40971008

国家自然科学基金 40771213

中国科学院地球环境研究所黄土与第四纪地质国家重点实验室开放基金 SKLLQG0908

中国地质大学(武汉)地质过程与矿产资源国家重点实验室开放基金 GPMR200908

详细信息

作者简介:
杨建(1978-)，男，博士，主要从事第四纪地质学、环境地质学研究.E-mail: yangjianzai@tom.com

通讯作者:
李长安，E-mail: chanli@cug.edu.cn

中图分类号: P575.1
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2013-08-16
- 刊出日期: 2014-04-15

Emeishan Basalts as Provenance Indicators: Implications for Formation of the Three Gorges

1.
Faculty of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
2.
State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China

摘要

摘要: 峨眉山玄武岩作为长江上游攀西地区广泛分布的岩类，具有形成环境独特、出露面积大、岩石易鉴定的特点，可作为长江三峡贯通物源示踪研究的指示标志.通过对长江中上游阶地和江汉平原周老孔第四纪岩心沉积物中的玄武岩砾石和岩屑(1~2 mm)进行研究发现，峨眉山玄武岩砾石在长江上游很常见，在三峡以下很少；玄武岩岩屑在长江上游沉积物中非常普遍，而且在周老孔岩心沉积物中的很多层位都有出现.对玄武岩岩屑基质中的斜长石做了微量元素微区原位分析(LA-ICP-MS)，分析表明，在周老孔中含峨眉山玄武岩岩屑的岩心层位最大深度为156 m，该层位古地磁年龄约为1.7 Ma，此时长江已经形成且三峡已经贯通.
- 峨眉山玄武岩 /
- 江汉平原 /
- 第四纪 /
- 沉积物 /
- 微量元素 /
- 物源示踪 /
- 长江演化
Abstract: The Emeishan basalts are typical rocks of the Yangtze River basin because of their unique origin, the broad distribution and simplicity of identification, which can be used as an indicator of tracing the source of the upstream Yangtze sediments after cutting of the Three Gorges. The gravel and debris (between 1-2 mm) of basalts in the sediments of the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze terraces(above Fuling City) and the Quaternary sediments of the Zhoulao core in the Jianghan Plain are mainly studied in the article. The gravels of the lithic basalts are abundant in the floodplain sediments and the terrace deposits along the upper reach of the river (upstream of Fuling City), and are rare along the downstream of the Three Gorges. The basalt debris are very common on the terraces of the upper reach of the Yangtze River, and are also evaluated by the loose sediments of the Zhoulao core. These lithic debris were identified as the Emeishan basalts by LA-ICP-MS and appear at the core depth of 156 m (up). This line of change (156 m depth) dated of about 1.7 Ma attests a provenance change. Meanwhile, a wide drainage basin similar as today's dimension of the Yangtze River had formed and the Three Gorges had formed around 1.7 Ma.
- Emeishan basalts /
- Jianghan Plain /
- Quaternary /
- sediments /
- trace elements /
- source tracing /
- evolution of the Yangtze River

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图 1 取样位置及基性-超基性岩浆岩分布(底图据中国地质科学院地质研究所，1∶5 000 000中国地质图，2002)

Fig. 1. Location of sampling site and the distribution of basic-ultra basic rocks

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图 2 江汉平原周老孔岩心中1~2 mm岩屑取样位置

Fig. 2. Location of sampling site of basalt debris (1-2 mm)from the Zhoulao core

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图 3 玄武岩照片

a.宜宾市柏溪镇剖面T₁阶地玄武岩砾石；b.沱江T₂阶地玄武岩砾石；c.江津现代河床玄武岩砾石；d.江陵现代河床玄武岩砾石；e.宜昌机场路剖面玄武岩岩屑(正交偏光)；f.宜宾柏溪镇剖面T₁玄武岩岩屑(正交偏光)；g.宜宾柏溪镇剖面T₂玄武岩岩屑(正交偏光)；h.南溪镇剖面玄武岩岩屑(正交偏光)；i.纳西剖面玄武岩岩屑(正交偏光)；j.李家沱剖面玄武岩岩屑(正交偏光)；k.万县寨子堡剖面玄武岩岩屑(正交偏光)；l.周老孔深度109 m玄武岩岩屑(正交偏光)

Fig. 3. Pictures of rocks and minerals

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图 4 玄武岩岩屑的稀土元素分配模式

Fig. 4. Rare earth element allocation model of debris of basalt

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图 5 玄武岩岩屑的微量元素分布模式

Fig. 5. Trace element distribution pattern of debris of basalt

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表 1 玄武岩岩屑的微量元素(10^-6)分析结果

Table 1. Analysis results of trace element (10^-6) of basalt debris

样号	GSH-11-1	GSH-11-3	GSH-12-1	GSH-12-2	GSH-15-1	GSH-15-3	GSH-16-1	GSH-16-3	GSH-18-1	GSH-18-3	YB-T₂-1-2
V	197.06	110.17	32.97	37.22	35.15	21.46	207.78	212.26	164.93	48.99	410.76
Cr	110.68	75.07	53.38	55.96	19.33	6.14	11.52	350.57	139.68	20.35	122.10
Co	13.45	11.71	1.34	0.72	7.40	6.26	27.29	26.88	6.06	10.53	12.10
Ni	100.92	33.13	4.95	8.44	8.04	7.41	51.70	59.61	15.75	22.73	56.08
Rb	54.62	65.39	6.71	5.87	9.34	8.42	4.69	14.75	76.76	197.02	167.85
Sr	165.22	235.48	42.29	47.43	16.53	14.31	153.60	67.58	32.50	59.09	235.14
Y	28.44	15.92	1.91	1.79	2.62	2.56	80.26	8.75	16.33	39.81	49.86
Zr	44.89	51.86	7.52	9.26	20.13	17.13	649.61	111.44	212.77	239.41	846.64
Nb	3.15	10.79	0.53	0.54	3.33	2.43	84.66	20.80	18.23	3.74	37.68
Sb	7.07	1.28	0.50	0.39	19.70	15.37	21.77	66.40	1.70	0.00	0.24
Cs	5.65	5.57	0.64	0.51	3.84	2.19	2.17	8.81	0.18	0.79	0.89
Ba	470.99	265.76	60.69	82.84	31.20	30.43	223.10	165.26	584.55	1 736.34	2 104.99
La	23.75	32.08	1.34	2.17	2.10	2.68	79.30	14.82	24.41	38.12	18.96
Ce	39.89	38.87	1.44	2.55	2.66	4.04	184.43	36.26	46.33	86.31	32.94
Pr	5.35	5.21	0.36	0.31	0.34	0.17	23.67	4.13	5.61	10.80	4.59
Nd	24.64	18.27	1.21	1.35	1.49	2.18	104.75	26.77	21.79	46.65	20.83
Sm	5.71	4.52	0.12	0.18	0.51	0.33	23.20	5.78	4.58	7.43	6.87
Eu	1.53	1.26	0.01	0.11	0.02	0.03	4.67	0.49	0.64	1.83	4.78
Gd	6.26	4.49	0.27	0.37	0.13	0.09	19.81	4.80	3.39	8.95	9.10
Tb	0.98	0.53	0.04	0.05	0.00	0.00	2.76	0.31	0.41	1.13	1.54
Dy	4.75	3.36	0.24	0.37	0.16	0.13	15.35	0.56	2.63	7.56	9.85
Ho	1.03	0.62	0.05	0.05	0.08	0.06	2.66	0.57	0.53	1.39	2.28
Er	2.60	1.40	0.08	0.15	0.32	0.20	7.20	0.44	1.46	3.95	5.39
Tm	0.32	0.20	0.02	0.03	0.01	0.03	0.88	0.03	0.13	0.44	0.87
Yb	2.55	1.66	0.11	0.13	0.20	0.11	4.96	0.00	1.45	2.96	5.27
Lu	0.33	0.19	0.03	0.02	0.00	0.06	0.94	0.00	0.19	0.25	0.83
Hf	0.96	1.57	0.12	0.12	0.68	0.36	16.97	5.80	5.02	3.67	16.95
Ta	0.25	0.60	0.06	0.05	0.12	0.05	3.96	0.57	1.08	0.28	2.77
Pb	54.10	48.66	7.78	7.96	1.79	1.24	18.32	29.16	4.61	6.83	19.04
Th	6.15	10.27	0.54	0.38	0.57	0.40	18.34	0.84	4.14	7.61	12.49
U	4.80	2.32	1.71	1.97	1.55	1.01	3.29	0.69	1.05	1.24	3.51
Th/Ta	24.71	17.01	8.48	6.96	4.90	8.82	4.63	1.46	3.84	27.11	4.51
Th/Nb	1.95	0.95	1.03	0.70	0.17	0.17	0.22	0.04	0.23	2.04	0.33
La/Sm	4.16	7.10	11.57	12.19	4.11	8.17	3.42	2.56	5.33	5.13	2.76
Eu/Tb	1.57	2.35	0.25	2.45	-	-	1.69	1.60	1.55	1.63	3.10
La/Ce	0.60	0.83	0.93	0.85	0.79	0.66	0.43	0.41	0.53	0.44	0.58
Ce/Nd	1.62	2.13	1.20	1.89	1.78	1.85	1.76	1.35	2.13	1.85	1.58

样号	YB-T₂-1-3	YB-T₂-2-1	YB-T₂-2-3	YB-T₂-3-1	YB-T₂-3-2	YB-T₁-1-1	YB-T₁-1-3	YB-T₁-2-1	YB-T₁-2-2	YB-T₁-3-1	YB-T₁-3-2
V	293.52	119.42	186.69	454.72	471.88	730.29	254.77	316.95	268.98	459.05	508.84
Cr	110.07	101.13	59.88	82.48	218.88	132.47	36.59	21.12	14.91	74.46	8.15
Co	8.54	7.52	12.50	27.81	42.55	54.63	40.04	53.34	35.20	35.94	37.52
Ni	56.47	12.38	24.19	51.52	68.91	106.52	66.96	79.03	50.98	44.68	48.85
Rb	162.70	73.79	57.79	96.76	69.85	6.82	13.80	16.11	17.40	52.60	94.00
Sr	216.70	417.27	354.57	257.36	222.31	291.52	785.74	578.06	671.99	547.99	446.47
Y	15.45	28.01	22.82	37.97	30.70	47.34	50.53	53.76	23.05	41.28	69.42
Zr	157.41	424.66	301.32	472.66	398.50	458.85	554.57	448.10	191.64	430.57	858.71
Nb	22.63	28.64	16.71	60.45	54.20	37.19	42.63	49.25	16.46	42.96	123.36
Sb	0.12	0.22	0.06	0.41	0.28	7.09	1.51	0.00	2.69	0.00	8.50
Cs	0.30	0.49	0.67	0.87	0.86	0.50	0.59	1.89	1.04	1.10	0.49
Ba	2 966.57	1 671.12	1 240.66	1 274.96	973.18	220.07	442.56	469.67	405.99	265.42	1 269.14
La	19.65	19.34	14.16	38.71	37.56	51.61	77.70	52.68	15.42	32.52	77.50
Ce	30.55	34.58	24.43	52.24	48.21	119.23	165.98	120.51	38.06	88.68	208.73
Pr	5.60	5.74	4.75	13.04	12.48	15.94	20.65	16.09	4.94	12.58	29.10
Nd	23.91	25.40	21.15	52.72	50.29	62.88	82.34	69.89	24.87	52.49	116.62
Sm	5.01	5.94	4.95	13.59	12.27	13.90	15.07	14.16	5.64	13.28	25.00
Eu	1.33	1.59	1.42	3.62	3.06	3.64	3.84	4.55	2.59	3.02	6.75
Gd	4.55	5.77	4.84	9.99	9.32	11.43	12.00	12.09	4.69	11.45	18.82
Tb	0.67	0.85	0.81	1.63	1.33	1.94	1.79	2.28	0.87	1.71	2.91
Dy	3.25	5.47	4.14	8.45	6.88	8.90	9.81	11.90	5.32	8.06	14.20
Ho	0.69	1.14	0.82	1.54	1.19	1.80	1.72	2.08	0.80	1.54	2.68
Er	1.61	2.96	2.16	3.90	3.07	4.30	5.27	5.42	2.24	4.51	6.97
Tm	0.21	0.37	0.30	0.57	0.46	0.52	0.67	0.76	0.33	0.56	0.81
Yb	1.26	2.53	1.94	3.94	2.89	5.03	3.79	5.16	2.74	3.73	5.93
Lu	0.17	0.34	0.29	0.52	0.32	0.73	0.62	0.51	0.31	0.38	0.92
Hf	3.24	8.69	6.32	10.80	9.52	9.76	14.27	11.92	5.70	11.41	24.03
Ta	1.50	1.95	1.22	4.14	3.70	2.67	3.46	3.34	1.35	2.98	8.95
Pb	9.79	10.77	16.98	17.24	16.09	4.76	5.77	5.29	3.61	7.97	17.99
Th	2.44	7.42	4.49	15.23	12.56	7.36	9.02	8.69	3.60	10.56	19.37
U	0.55	1.82	1.07	1.88	1.29	1.68	2.22	2.41	0.63	2.24	4.69
Th/Ta	1.63	3.80	3.67	3.68	3.40	2.76	2.61	2.60	2.66	3.54	2.16
Th/Nb	0.11	0.26	0.27	0.25	0.23	0.20	0.21	0.18	0.22	0.25	0.16
La/Sm	3.92	3.26	2.86	2.85	3.06	3.71	5.16	3.72	2.74	2.45	3.10
Eu/Tb	1.97	1.88	1.77	2.22	2.30	1.88	2.15	1.99	2.99	1.77	2.32
La/Ce	0.64	0.56	0.58	0.74	0.78	0.43	0.47	0.44	0.41	0.37	0.37
Ce/Nd	1.28	1.36	1.15	0.99	0.96	1.90	2.02	1.72	1.53	1.69	1.79

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表 2 宜宾T₁和T₂阶地的样品微量元素比值的相对偏差(%)、标准偏差分析

Table 2. Deviations in trace element ratio between the basalt debris of the T₁ and T₂ terraces in Yibin City

比值	样品号												平均相对偏差(%)	标准偏差
比值	YB-T₁-1-1	YB-T₁-1-3	YB-T₁-2-1	YB-T₁-2-2	YB-T₁-3-1	YB-T₁-3-2	YB-T₂-1-2	YB-T₂-1-3	YB-T₂-2-1	YB-T₂-2-3	YB-T₂-3-1	YB-T₂-3-2	平均相对偏差(%)	标准偏差
Th/Ta	10.54	15.43	15.78	13.76	14.79	29.83	46.21	47.20	23.11	19.07	19.30	10.06	22.09	0.81
La/Yb	1.75	96.01	2.26	46.06	16.53	24.98	65.59	49.52	26.88	30.12	5.85	24.53	32.51	4.59
Zr/Nb	5.35	11.08	22.31	0.57	14.41	40.56	91.89	40.62	26.63	53.98	33.23	37.21	31.49	4.83
La/Nb	53.76	101.97	18.53	3.79	16.12	30.39	44.23	3.80	25.16	6.12	29.03	23.20	29.68	0.37
Rb/Nb	91.00	84.11	83.94	48.11	39.89	62.59	118.69	252.84	26.50	69.75	21.42	36.73	77.96	2.09
Th/Nb	10.72	4.45	20.38	1.17	10.99	29.15	49.61	51.35	16.90	21.41	13.71	4.60	19.54	0.06
Th/La	50.33	59.53	42.53	18.54	13.21	12.92	129.52	56.73	33.63	10.64	37.07	16.52	40.10	0.15
La/Ta	55.43	80.35	26.48	8.64	12.49	30.46	45.02	5.32	20.49	7.12	24.88	18.48	27.93	4.58
La/Sm	12.58	56.33	12.78	17.06	25.75	6.00	16.38	18.82	1.29	13.24	13.62	7.18	16.75	0.74
Ce/Sm	29.81	66.66	28.76	2.20	1.06	26.35	27.49	7.80	11.91	25.28	41.82	40.54	25.81	2.17
Ce/Eu	42.36	87.44	14.95	36.20	27.31	34.21	70.09	0.15	5.53	25.42	37.35	31.52	34.38	10.03
U/Ce	57.32	59.36	39.36	49.56	23.35	31.79	223.63	45.73	59.45	33.07	9.23	18.91	54.23	0.03
Eu/Tb	14.48	1.88	9.14	36.32	19.56	5.58	41.44	10.24	14.30	19.55	1.13	4.68	14.86	0.44
La/Ce	18.32	11.66	17.50	23.56	30.80	29.93	8.61	21.38	5.54	9.36	39.85	47.03	21.96	0.14
Ce/Nd	26.62	34.61	15.14	2.19	12.81	19.51	5.59	14.68	9.08	22.89	33.84	35.98	19.41	0.35
Ba/Nb	83.31	70.73	73.11	30.44	82.58	70.99	57.55	269.58	64.56	109.36	40.52	49.37	83.51	37.99
Ba/Th	84.94	75.31	72.78	43.28	87.35	67.00	15.13	512.19	13.45	38.98	57.84	60.99	94.10	329.90
Ba/La	90.94	87.90	81.05	44.03	82.65	65.19	135.95	220.86	83.64	86.26	30.01	44.94	87.78	49.18
Ba/Ce	93.35	90.39	85.95	61.54	89.21	78.08	130.35	250.09	74.21	83.10	12.02	27.23	89.63	30.72
Ba/Cs	78.66	63.96	88.01	81.12	88.30	25.63	14.19	379.66	66.00	10.92	29.05	45.46	80.91	2 682.77

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表 3 长江流域某些玄武岩源岩的微量元素比值

Table 3. The trace element ratio of basalt in the Yangtze River basin

比值	云南宾川峨眉山玄武岩¹			武当山群 ²基性岩(23样)	康县碧口群玄武岩³(5样)	YB-T₁ (6样)	YB-T₂ (6样)
比值	低钛LT1区(9样)	低钛LT2区(8样)	高钛HT区(8样)	武当山群 ²基性岩(23样)	康县碧口群玄武岩³(5样)	YB-T₁ (6样)	YB-T₂ (6样)
Th/Ta	3.20~5.02(4.24)	1.56~3.56(2.19)	1.66~2.32(1.90)	1.03~3.65(1.73)	1.03~1.44(1.24)	2.16~2.76(2.72)	3.68~4.51(3.81)
Th/Nb	0.19~0.48(0.26)	0.085~0.210(0.120)	0.10~0.17(0.12)	0.054~0.151(0.115)	0.068~0.091(0.080)	1.56~2.25(0.20)	0.11~0.33(0.24)
La/Sm	3.11~4.14(3.37)	2.11~3.02(2.64)	3.20~4.76(4.10)	1.11~3.60(2.64)	1.35~3.93(2.18)	2.45~5.17(3.48)	2.75~3.92(3.12)
Eu/Tb	1.69~1.98(1.87)	1.57~2.12(1.77)	1.96~2.40(2.15)	1.83~3.14(2.10)	1.52~2.49(1.89)	1.76~2.99(2.18)	1.77~3.10(2.21)
La/Ce	0.47~0.49(0.48)	0.43~0.47(0.46)	0.41~0.47(0.45)	0.34~0.69(0.51)	0.33~0.45(0.37)	0.37~0.47(0.41)	0.56~0.80(0.65)
Ce/Nd	1.62~1.89(1.67)	1.34~1.59(1.50)	1.63~1.91(1.78)	1.17~2.01(1.51)	1.25~1.84(1.47)	1.53~2.02(1.77)	0.96~1.58(1.22)
注：括号内为平均值；上标“1”数据引用自Xiao et al.(2003)；上标“2”数据引用自张成立等(1999)；上标“3”数据引用自闫全人等(2004).

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