Review and prospect of modern monitoring and paleoclimate research in Xueyu cave group, Fengdu, Chongqing
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摘要: 重庆丰都雪玉洞群包括羊子洞、雪玉洞和水鸣洞，西南大学的研究团队从2008年开始对雪玉洞群开展了系统的现代过程监测，以了解洞穴系统气候和环境信息的传输、转化和记录过程。通过对雪玉洞洞穴内外的大气、植被、土壤、基岩、滴水和洞穴沉积物等的动态监测，研究了碳酸盐沉积过程的水化学指标变化，揭示了现代洞穴滴水的影响因素和变化过程，以及碳酸盐沉积物对现代气候环境变化的响应，也为古气候的定量化研究提供了基础支撑。现代过程监测记录表明：雪玉洞CO2主要来源于上覆土壤，其季节变化受降水的影响较大；在短时间尺度上受到游客旅游活动的影响明显，但幅度远远小于自然过程引起的变化。雪玉洞内次生沉积物的沉积速率具有明显的旱季、雨季特征，不同滴水点下方沉积物的沉积速率变化较大。雪玉洞群三个洞穴的石笋古环境记录研究表明，本区石笋的230Th/232Th比值较适合高精度铀系测年；部分石笋沉积速率较快，平均沉积速率达到0.25 mm·a−1，可以开展高分辨率的气候和环境变化研究。羊子洞YZ1石笋的年龄范围在116~3 ka B.P.之间（平均测年精度2σ，269年），覆盖了整个末次冰期，δ18O和δ13C的变化曲线和东亚季风区的其他记录具有明显的一致性。同位素测试的时间分辨率平均为88年，成功记录了一些百年－千年尺度的气候突变事件，如Heinrich事件、7.2 ka事件、小冰期等。在精确年代学的基础上，雪玉洞群石笋具有重建高分辨率气候环境变化的潜力。Abstract: Karst caves are well developed due to karstification in carbonate reservoirs. Speleothems in the caves are of great significance to evaluate the evolutionary history of past climate and environment as speleothems record all climatic and environmental information when they were formed. A comprehensive link between paleoclimate change and modern climate based on detailed monitoring, precise chronology and high-resolution records is essential to explore the correlation and interaction between climate and the earth system in the geological history. Here, we review a series of modern monitoring and stalagmite-based Asian Summer Monsoon (ASM) records spanning the past 120 thousand years (ka B.P.) from Xueyu cave group, southwestern China. The Xueyu cave group includes Yangzi cave, Xueyu cave, and Shuiming cave, Xueyu cave is also a famous show cave. The three caves are all located in the Triassic limestone strata on the left bank of the Dragon river, which is the tributary of the Yangzi river, Fengdu, Chongqing. The overlying vadose zone is thick, and the elevations of the three caves are 10-100 m above the level of the Dragon river. Yangzi cave, Xueyu cave and Shuiming cave are respectively located at high-, middle- and low-elevation. These caves from different altitudes are excellent for modern monitoring and paleoclimate reconstruction. Since 2008, regular modern process monitoring has been carried out in the Xueyu cave to observe the transmission, transformation, and recording process of climate and environmental information. External air, overlying vegetation and soil, rock, precipitation, cave atmosphere (temperature, humidity, CO2, etc.), hydrochemical properties of the subterranean river, drip water, and cave deposits are monitored to understand the detailed mechanisms connecting cave environmental variables and properties of cave deposits. A monitoring program conducted from 2009 to 2016 recorded the characterization of external air temperature, precipitation, and the subterranean water temperature and PCO2 dynamics in the cave. Monthly measurements of cave air CO2 in the Xueyu cave show regular seasonal variations. High-resolution monitoring of cave air CO2 revealed the effects of rainfall events and tourist activities. Precipitation is one of the main factors responsible for transferring the CO2 signal from the soil to the cave. On a short time scale, PCO2 is significantly affected by tourist activities, but the magnitude is far less than that caused by seasonal or rainstorm-driven variation. Cave drip-water flow can be classified into two types-'fast flow' and 'slow flow', which reflects climatic events in different ways and may result in distinct speleothem paleoclimate records. Variations in drip water chemistry (Mg/Ca, and Sr/Ca) indicate that the Prior Calcite Precipitation (PCP) may occur when drip rates are slow. Only the 'slow flow' could reflect wet-dry variations as the drip rate variability can provide the primary control on trace element variations that are finally trapped in speleothems. The deposition rates are relatively high in winter, which could reach up to 0.33 mm·a−1. The isotopic and chemical variability observed in Xueyu cave drip waters also support previous interpretations of speleothem records from Yangzi cave and Shuiming cave where a series of stalagmite proxies is published. The stalagmite records of the Shuiming cave and Yangzi cave indicate that the stalagmites in this area have fast depositional rates. From 120 ka B.P. to 3 ka B.P., the variation of δ18O is basically consistent with the change curve of solar radiation at 65°N.The resolution of the dating in some periods was 269a, while the time resolution of isotopic composition is close to 88a, which successfully records some abrupt climate events at the scale of hundreds of or thousands of years , such as the Heinrich event, the 7.2 ka event, and the Little Ice Age. δ13C records of the stalagmite confirmed that the ''7.2 ka event'' started from 7.29±0.03 ka B.P. and its summit was 7.1±0.04 ka B.P. and the main drought period sustained about 50a. During the Little Ice Age, especially from 1,400-1,650 AD, δ18O records of stalagmites showed severe fluctuation, which indicated Asian summer precipitation was also in the fluctuating period. To sum up,the comprehensive comparison of paleoclimate changes based on accurate chronology and high-resolution records has good research potential in the Xueyu cave group.
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Key words:
- modern process /
- cave air CO2 /
- stalagmites /
- paleoclimate /
- Xueyu cave group
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图 1 重庆丰都雪玉洞群、金佛山羊口洞和梁天洞、武隆芙蓉洞位置图
Figure 1. Locations of Xueyu cave group, Yangkou cave and Liangtian cave, Furong cave in Chongqing
图 2 雪玉洞照片（曾泽提供，摄于2017年）
Figure 2. Photo of stalagmites in the Xueyu cave (captured by Zeng Ze, in 2017)
图 4 雪玉洞洞外气温、降水和洞内地下河水温、PCO2月变化图
Figure 4. Monthly variations of air temperature, precipitation, subterranean river temperature and PCO2 at the Xueyu cave
图 7 116~3 ka B.P.期间羊子洞石笋YZ1的 δ18O (A）和 δ13C (B) 变化图[71]
红点为U-Th测年样品的深度和年龄，误差条表示测年误差（±2σ）。虚线分别为δ18O平均值（−8.0‰）和δ13C平均值（−9.9‰)。灰色曲线表示30°N的夏季太阳辐射。字母YD、H和阿拉伯数字分别表示YD、Heinrich事件和D-O事件。MIS对应海洋同位素阶段 (Wu等, 2020)。
Figure 7. YZ1 stalagmite δ18O (A) and δ13C (B) records; red dots are the depth and age of the U–Th dating samples, and the error bars indicate the dating error (±2σ). The two dotted lines show the average values of δ18O (−8.0‰) and δ13C (−9.9‰), respectively. The gray curve shows the 30 °N summer insolation. The pink vertical bars indicate YD and Heinrich events, the Arabic numbers indicate the D-O event. The yellow and cyan bands indicate Marine Isotope Stages (MIS)(Wu et al 2020, and references therein)[71]
名称 相对位置 沉积物类型与特征 洞穴走向 汇水面
积/km2洞穴长
度/m洞口相对高度（高出龙河河床）/m 地下水排泄形式 发育地层 主要研究内容 羊子洞 高 大型的洞道和大厅：大面积的大型流石坝池群；高大的石幕、石笋、石旗、高台池中沉积（晶锥池）和大型卷曲石 顺地层走向发育(NW−SE) 10~15 500 100~120 泉 下三叠统嘉陵江组（T1j） 古气候与环境 雪玉洞 中 多层洞穴与峡谷型地下河：石笋、钟乳石、鹅管、塔林等 1 643 55 泉/
地下河下三叠统飞仙关组（T1f） 现代水文与碳循环过程 水鸣洞 低 地下水通道、泉华水池、石笋 未测 >10 地下河 下三叠统嘉陵江组（T1j） 古气候与环境 
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表 2 重庆地区石笋U系年龄和沉积速率
Table 2. U-Th dating and deposition rates of stalagmites in Chongqing
编号 底部年龄/ka B.P. 顶部年龄/ka B.P. 长度/cm 沉积速率 /mm(100 a)−1 SM1 26.5 24.17 57.5 24.68 SM3 107.96 97.59 40 3.86 SM4 36.89 29.61 34.5 4.74 SM5 125.31 123.95 30 22.06 SM6 149.55 146.62 43 14.68 SM9 127.27 125.78 28 18.79 SMY 330.46 269.22 66 10.78 XY1 112.73 109.96 19 6.86 YZ2 76.23 69.59 14 2.11 YZ1 116.83 4.70 69 0.60 LT3 225.5 185.3 44 1.09 LT9 225.7 192.2 29 0.87 YK5 189.8 197.6 18.5 0.97 JFYK7 59 49 20.6 2.06 FR5 37 0.2 50 1.36 注：SM、XY、YZ、LT、YK、FR分别代表水鸣洞、雪玉洞、羊子洞、梁天洞、羊口洞和芙蓉洞，数据来源于文献[68-71]
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