北方岩溶区断裂带水文地质性质及结构模型

刘元晴; 周乐; 王新峰; 吕琳; 路小慧; 于开宁; 张伟峰

doi:10.11932/karst20220609

北方岩溶区断裂带水文地质性质及结构模型

doi: 10.11932/karst20220609

刘元晴^{1, 2, 3, 4,},
周乐³,
王新峰³,
吕琳³,
路小慧^{1, 2},
于开宁^4, ,,
张伟峰⁵

1.
山东省鲁南地质工程勘察院（山东省地质矿产勘查开发局第二地质大队）, 山东济宁 272100
2.
山东省地热清洁能源勘查开发工程研究中心, 山东济宁 272100
3.
中国地质调查局水文地质环境地质调查中心, 河北保定 071051
4.
河北地质大学河北省高校生态环境地质应用技术研发中心, 河北石家庄 050031
5.
山东省第一地质矿产勘查院, 山东济南 250014

基金项目: 山东省中央引导地方科技发展资金项目（YDZX20203700002937）；河北省高校生态环境地质应用技术研发中心开放课题（JSYF-202101）；中国地质调查局地质调查项目( DD2022175403)

详细信息

作者简介:
刘元晴（1988－），高级工程师，主要从事基岩山区水文地质调查工作。E-mail：lyq198896@126.com

通讯作者:
于开宁（1965－），教授，主要从事水文地质、环境地质方面的研究。E-mail： 1211931193@qq.com

中图分类号: P641.1
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-09-23
- 网络出版日期: 2023-01-06
- 刊出日期: 2022-12-25

Hydrogeological structure model of the fault zone in the karst area of north China

LIU Yuanqing^{1, 2, 3, 4
,},
ZHOU Le³,
WANG Xinfeng³,
LV Lin³,
LU Xiaohui^{1, 2},
YU Kaining^{4
, ,},
ZHANG Weifeng⁵

1.
Shandong Lunan Geological Engineering Survey Institute(Shandong Provincial Bureau of Geology and MineralResources No.2 Geological Brigade), Jining, Shandong 272100, China
2.
Shandong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Geothermal Energy Exploration and Development, Jining, Shandong 272100, China
3.
Center for Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology Survey, CGS, Baoding, Hebei 071051, China
4.
Hebei Center for Ecological and Environmental Geology Research,Hebei GEO University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050031, China
5.
No.1 Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources of Shandong Province, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China

摘要

摘要: 断层带结构和内部流体流动特性是水文地质研究领域的难点问题。石油地质领域，在油气运移与成藏方向已形成较成熟的断层封闭性定量评价技术手段。相比较，断裂的水文地质性质研究尚停留在断裂的力学性质对断层导水、阻水特性的定性评价阶段，尚未详细开展断裂带结构、渗透性各向异性等方面的研究工作。文章梳理总结国外断裂带水文地质性质研究中关于结构组成、断裂带演化、渗透率影响因素等方面的研究成果，引入断裂带渗透率结构模型，并以中国北方岩溶区碳酸盐岩与碎屑岩互层含水岩组为例，构建断裂带水文地质结构模型。断裂带研究尺度和精度不同、断裂带发育部位不同，导致其结构及水文地质性质亦不相同，如何建立起精确、典型的断裂带水文地质结构模型，需要各领域数据共享及多学科融合共同开展研究工作。
- 水文地质 /
- 断层核 /
- 破裂带 /
- 渗透率 /
- 岩溶山区
Abstract: The fault zone has a controlling effect on the mechanical properties and fluid flow characteristics of the crust. It is an extensively distributed and very important structural pattern in the upper crust, and widely participates in the crustal activity process. At present, the structural composition and fluid flow pattern of fault zones are hot and difficult points in foreign research, and the research methods and understandings are different in various fields. In the field of petroleum geology, mature quantitative evaluation techniques for fault sealing have been developed in hydrocarbon migration and accumulation. In contrast, research of hydrogeological properties of faults is still in the stage of qualitative evaluation of mechanical properties on the water conductivity or water resistance of faults. Studies on fault zone structure, permeability anisotropy and other aspects have not yet been carried out. At present, many scholars and teams at home and abroad have done much meaningful research and discussion on the internal structure characteristics of the fault zone and its influence on fluid flow. This paper summarizes the results of foreign studies on the hydrogeological properties of fault zones in terms of structural composition, fault zone evolution, permeability factors, etc. The hydrogeological structure model of the fault zone in the northern part of the Taihang Mountains is introduced by taking the fault that is developed in the carbonates of the Cambrian Zhangxia formation with clastic water-bearing rocks as an example. In previous studies on the composition and permeability structure of fault zone, its composition is divided into fault core and fracture zone. The structure of fault core and fracture zone determines the heterogeneity and anisotropy of permeability structure of fault zone. In the fault zone, the thickness ratio between fault core and fracture zone provides a convenient and generalized framework for describing the hydrogeological characteristics of fault zone. If the permeability of each component of the fault zone is combined with geological maps, geological profiles, or three-dimensional structural models of the fault zone, the permeability structure of the fault zone can be obtained from field outcrops. The permeability characteristics of each component of the fault zone are the most important to study the fluid flow properties of the fault zone. The permeability characteristics are mainly affected by the structural characteristics of the fault zone, the properties of the fluid passing through the fault zone, the tectonic stress, the scale of the fault slip and other factors. The geometric structure and permeability of the core and fracture zone are the main controlling factors to characterize the hydrogeological properties of the fault zone, which is characterized by the type of water-blocking and water-guiding system of fluid flow. According to the thickness ratio of its component parts, the fault zone can be divided into four types: single fault, dispersed deformation zone, local deformation zone and composite deformation zone. Meanwhile, the corresponding permeability structures are local water conduction, dispersed water conduction, local water resistance, and composite water-resistance. In order to accurately reflect the hydrogeological properties of the fault zone, in this study, we should take the different positions of the fault zone into full consideration when constructing the hydrogeological structure model, and to generalize the permeability structure. The structure and hydrogeological properties of the studied fault zone will be different due to the different scale and precision of the selected fault zone and the different development sites. Taking the northern Cambrian carbonate aquifer as an example, there are clastic rocks with different thickness and relative water isolation, where lithology is dominated by thin layer shale. At different positions of the same fault zone, the different distribution characteristics of the water-proof layer and the fracture mechanism result in significant differences in the permeability and hydrogeological characteristics. How to establish the characteristics of the spatial structure and permeability of the fault zone is the basis and premise for the accurate evaluation of the fluid flow characteristics of the fault zone, which requires geologists to have the professional knowledge of structural geology, rock mechanics, numerical simulation and other fields. Through the sharing of data in various fields and the integration of multidisciplinary methods, accurate and typical permeability structure models of fault zone are established so as to promote the study on development of fault zone and fluid flow characteristics.
- hydrogeology /
- fault core /
- fracture zone /
- permeability /
- karst mountainous area

HTML

图 1 断裂带结构组成图^[28]

Figure 1. Structural composition of the fault zone

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图 2 不同尺度断裂带演化对比模型图^[13]

Figure 2. Comparison model of fault zone evolution in different scales

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图 3 各领域采用的断裂带水文地质研究方法对比^[11]

Figure 3. Comparison of hydrogeological research methods of fault zones adopted in various fields

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图 4 断裂带渗透率模型^[28]

Figure 4. Permeability model of fault zone

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图 5 碳酸盐岩断裂带水文地质结构模型及应用

Figure 5. Hydrogeological structural model of carbonate fault zone and its application

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图 6 不同研究精度与尺度条件下断裂带及其渗透率结构模型

Figure 6. Fault zone and its permeability structure model in different precision and scales

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图 7 距离断层尖端的不同位置处断裂带结构模型^[47]

Figure 7. Fault zone structure model at different positions from fault tip

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表 1 断裂带组成样式及渗透率结构^[28]

Table 1. Fault zone architectural styles and permeability structures

渗透率结构	断裂带结构	断层核	破碎带	实例	应用的流动模型
局部导水	沿单一曲面或长的离散平面发生局部滑动	缺失或发育较窄	缺失或发育较少	Shawangunk Mountains 断层	具有平行外壁的离散导管
分散导水	沿分布表面和裂缝分布发生滑移	缺乏或发育较窄，狭窄、离散和不连续带	发育的离散滑动面和相关的断裂网络	Hill断裂带	等效多孔介质
局部阻水	破碎带内局部滑动	发育较好的断层核碎裂岩	缺失或发育较少	San Gabriel 碎裂岩带	高渗透性含水层（原岩）中的弱透水层（断层核）
复合导水— 阻水	变形适应于局部破碎带和次生构造分布区	发育较好的断层核碎裂岩	发育的离散滑动面和相关的断裂网络	Stillwater断裂带	夹在两个含水层之间的弱透水层（断层核）

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