To study the progressive collapse resistance of concrete-filled steel tube (CFST) structures with different forms of concentrical brace, five numerical models of a CFST frame-concentrically brace structure were established based on the fiber beam model. Based on the reasonable steel and constitutive model of concrete materials, the nonlinear dynamic response of the structure under different failure conditions was calculated, and the overall stiffness and ultimate bearing capacity of the structure were obtained by nonlinear static loading. The results show that different brace forms can effectively improve the overall stiffness and anti-collapse bearing capacity of the structure, and the improvement effect under corner column failure condition is better than that under other failure conditions. A new load transfer path can be provided by setting braced frame, which can effectively reduce the distributed internal force of adjacent members of failure columns. X-brace can obviously improve the stiffness and bearing capacity of the frame under any failure condition and reduce the vertical displacement of failed joints. The anti-inclined brace frame shows better ductility and ultimate bearing capacity than others. The above research results can provide a reference for the design of building structures to resist the progressive collapse.